Mobile Phone Base Station Tower Settings Adjacent to School Buildings: Impact on Students’ Cognitive Health: this study showed “high exposure to RF-EMF produced by [mobile phone base station towers] is associated with a decrease in fine and gross motor skills and spatial working memory and attention in school adolescents compared to students who had been exposed to low RF-EMF. This study provides cognizance to society and stakeholders in health care about the health hazards of RF-EMF produced from [mobile phone base station towers]. No one can deny the facilities that are being provided by the telecommunication industry, but it is believed that nothing should be compromised over health. [Mobile phone base station towers] must be installed away from thickly populated residential zones particularly in or near the school buildings or there must be some system to shield human beings from RF-EMFR.”[ Meo SA, Almahmoud M, Alsultan Q, Alotaibi N, Alnajashi I, Hajjar WM. Mobile Phone Base Station Tower Settings Adjacent to School Buildings: Impact on Students' Cognitive Health. Am J Mens Health. 2019 Jan-Feb;13(1):1557988318816914. doi: 10.1177/1557988318816914. Epub 2018 Dec 7. PMID: 30526242; PMCID: PMC6775553.]

Effect of Mobile Phone-Induced Electromagnetic Field on Brain Hemodynamics and Human Stem Cell Functioning: Possible Mechanistic Link to Cancer Risk: this study showed “[mobile phone electromagnetic fields] can alter brain physiology and hemodynamics. EMFs from mobile phones may inhibit formation of endogenous 53BP1 foci in stem cells. Stem cells are more sensitive to [mobile phone electromagnetic field] exposure than are differentiated human primary cells. Inhibitory effects of [mobile phone electromagnetic field] exposure on DSB repair in stem cells may result in formation of chromosomal aberrations and therefore origination of cancer. Alternatively, [mobile phone electromagnetic field] exposures may induce a stress response. Both possible interpretations provide a mechanistic link to increased cancer risk.”[ Bhargav, Hemant & Srinivasan, Tm & Varambally, Shivarama & Gangadhar, Bn & Koka, Prasad. (2015). Effect of Mobile Phone-Induced Electromagnetic Field on Brain Hemodynamics and Human Stem Cell Functioning: Possible Mechanistic Link to Cancer Risk and Early Diagnostic Value of Electronphotonic Imaging. Journal of stem cells. 10. 287-294.]

Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (UMTS, 1,950 MHz) induce genotoxic effects in vitro in human fibroblasts: this study concludes [Universal Mobile Telecommunication System] exposure may cause genetic alterations in some but not in all human cells in vitro.[ Schwarz C, Kratochvil E, Pilger A, Kuster N, Adlkofer F, Rüdiger HW. Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (UMTS, 1,950 MHz) induce genotoxic effects in vitro in human fibroblasts but not in lymphocytes. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2008 May;81(6):755-67. doi: 10.1007/s00420-008-0305-5. Epub 2008 Feb 16. PMID: 18278508.]

Impact of radiofrequency radiation on DNA damage and antioxidants in peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans residing in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations: this study showed “the analysis of various antioxidants in the plasma of exposed individuals revealed a significant attrition in glutathione concentration, activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, and rise in lipid peroxidation when compared to controls.”[ Shahin S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Mobile phone (1800MHz) radiation impairs female reproduction in mice, Mus musculus, through stress induced inhibition of ovarian and uterine activity. Reprod Toxicol. 2017 Oct;73:41-60. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.08.001. Epub 2017 Aug 2. PMID: 28780396.]

Radiations and male fertility: this study reveals “that the exposure to cell phones, microwave ovens, laptops, or Wi-Fi produces deleterious effects on the testes, which may affect sperm count, morphology, motility, an increased DNA damage, causing micronuclei formation and genomic instability, as well as disruptions in protein kinases, hormones and antioxidative enzymes. Such effects were found to be responsible for infertility due to an over-production of ROS in exposed cells. Studies suggest that the abnormalities reported due to RF-EMF-exposure depend on physical parameters such as duration of the exposure, distance to the source of radiation, power density, and depth of the penetration.”[ Kesari KK, Agarwal A, Henkel R. Radiations and male fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018 Dec 9;16(1):118. doi: 10.1186/s12958-018-0431-1. PMID: 30445985; PMCID: PMC6240172.]

Exposure to Global System for Mobile Communication 900 MHz Cellular Phone Radiofrequency Alters Growth, Proliferation and Morphology of Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells: this study showed “radiation of GSM 900 MHz cellular phone may [reduce] cell viability and proliferation rates […] it is recommended to reduce exposure time, increase distance from antenna, and reserve the use of cell phones for shorter conversations to prevent its biological and harmful effects.”[ Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Hashemi-Beni B, Moradi A, Aliakbari M, Shahbazi-Gahrouei S. Exposure to Global System for Mobile Communication 900 MHz Cellular Phone Radiofrequency Alters Growth, Proliferation and Morphology of Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Prev Med. 2018 Jun 19;9:51. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_75_17. PMID: 30034669; PMCID: PMC6028991.]

Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile phones induced DNA damage in human ear canal hair follicle cells: this study showed “DNA damage indicators were higher in the RFR exposure groups than in the control subjects. In addition, DNA damage increased with the daily duration of exposure. In conclusion, RFR emitted from mobile phones has a potential to produce DNA damage in follicle cells of hair in the ear canal. Therefore, mobile phone users have to pay more attention when using wireless phones.”[ Akdag M, Dasdag S, Canturk F, Akdag MZ. Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile phones induced DNA damage in human ear canal hair follicle cells. Electromagn Biol Med. 2018;37(2):66-75. doi: 10.1080/15368378.2018.1463246. Epub 2018 Apr 18. PMID: 29667447.]

Cellular Phone Irradiation of the Head Affects Heart Rate Variability: this study showed “persisting acute effects of GSM handset emission on the autonomic nervous system.”[ Béres S, Németh Á, Ajtay Z, Kiss I, Németh B, Hejjel L. Cellular Phone Irradiation of the Head Affects Heart Rate Variability Depending on Inspiration/Expiration Ratio. In Vivo. 2018 Sep-Oct;32(5):1145-1153. doi: 10.21873/invivo.11357. PMID: 30150437; PMCID: PMC6199582.] Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells: this study showed “a dose rate-dependent increase in DNA single-strand breaks was found in brain cells of rats at 4 h post exposure. Furthermore, in rats exposed for 2 h to continuous-wave 2450 MHz microwaves, increases in brain cell DNA single-strand breaks were observed immediately as well as at 4 h post exposure.”[ Lai H, Singh NP. Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 1995;16(3):207-10. doi: 10.1002/bem.2250160309. PMID: 7677797.]

Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health: this study showed “Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with each such effect being documented in from 10 to 16 reviews. Therefore, each of these seven EMF effects are established effects of Wi-Fi and of other microwave frequency EMFs. Each of these seven is also produced by downstream effects of the main action of such EMFs, voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation.”[ Pall ML. Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health. Environ Res. 2018 Jul;164:405-416. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.035. Epub 2018 Mar 21. PMID: 29573716.]

Peroxynitrite, a Stealthy Biological Oxidant: this study shows peroxynitrate’s role as a potent oxidant and nitrating agent that can cause cellular damage by modifying proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This contributes to various pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders, highlighting its importance in understanding disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.[ Radi R. Peroxynitrite, a stealthy biological oxidant. J Biol Chem. 2013 Sep 13;288(37):26464-72. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R113.472936. Epub 2013 Jul 16. PMID: 23861390; PMCID: PMC3772193.]

Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels: this study reviews “a substantially supported set of targets, VGCCs, whose stimulation produces non-thermal EMF responses by humans/higher animals with downstream effects involving Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide increases, which may explain […] pathophysiological effects.”[ Pall ML. Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects. J Cell Mol Med. 2013 Aug;17(8):958-65. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.12088. Epub 2013 Jun 26. PMID: 23802593; PMCID: PMC3780531.]

Electromagnetic field effects on cells of the immune system: the role of calcium signaling: this study reviews “the current state of knowledge concerning the effects of non-thermal levels of ELF electromagnetic fields on the biochemistry and activity of immune cells and then closely examines new results that suggest a role for Ca2+ in the induction of these cellular field effects. Based on these findings it is proposed that membrane-mediated Ca2+ signaling processes are involved in the mediation of field effects on the immune system.”[ Walleczek, J. (1992), Electromagnetic field effects on cells of the immune system: the role of calcium signaling1. The FASEB Journal, 6: 3177-3185. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.6.13.1397839]

Electromagnetic fields disrupt the pollination service by honeybees: this study provides conclusive evidence of “detrimental impacts of EMF on honeybee's pollination behavior, leading to negative effects on plant community.”[ Molina-Montenegro, Marco & Acuña-Rodríguez, Ian Sajid & Ballesteros, Gabriel & Baldelomar, Mariela & Torres, Cristian & Broitman, Bernardo & Vázquez, Diego. (2023). Electromagnetic fields disrupt the pollination service by honeybees. Science advances. 9. eadh1455. 10.1126/sciadv.adh1455.]

Electromagnetic Fields Modify Redox Balance in the Rat Gastrointestinal Tract: this study concludes “among those applied in the study, electromagnetic fields of a low-frequency caused the most significant disturbances of oxidative stress in the rat gastrointestinal tract.”[ Sieroń K, Knapik K, Onik G, Romuk E, Birkner E, Kwiatek S, Sieroń A. Electromagnetic Fields Modify Redox Balance in the Rat Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Public Health. 2021 Sep 13;9:710484. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.710484. PMID: 34589462; PMCID: PMC8473753.]

A review of the ecological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF): this study concluded “in about two third of the reviewed studies ecological effects of RF-EMF was reported at high as well as at low dosages. The very low dosages are compatible with real field situations, and could be found under environmental conditions.”[ Cucurachi S, Tamis WL, Vijver MG, Peijnenburg WJ, Bolte JF, de Snoo GR. A review of the ecological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). Environ Int. 2013 Jan;51:116-40. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.10.009. Epub 2012 Dec 20. PMID: 23261519.]

Radiofrequency radiation injures trees around mobile phone base stations: this study demonstrated that “electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone masts is harmful for trees. These results are consistent with the fact that damage afflicted on trees by mobile phone towers usually start on one side, extending to the whole tree over time.”[ Waldmann-Selsam C, Balmori-de la Puente A, Breunig H, Balmori A. Radiofrequency radiation injures trees around mobile phone base stations. Sci Total Environ. 2016 Dec 1;572:554-569. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.045. Epub 2016 Aug 24. PMID: 27552133.]

Exposure to a 50 Hz electromagnetic field induces activation of the Epstein-Barr virus genome in latently infected human lymphoid cells: this study showed “exposure of Akata cells, a human lymphoid cell line latently infected by the EBV genome, to a 50 Hz EMF resulted in an increased number of cells expressing the virus early antigens. This finding provides additional evidence that DNA can be modulated by a magnetic field.”[ Grimaldi S, Pasquali E, Barbatano L, Lisi A, Santoro N, Serafino A, Pozzi D. Exposure to a 50 Hz electromagnetic field induces activation of the Epstein-Barr virus genome in latently infected human lymphoid cells. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1997;16(2-3):205-7. PMID: 9276003.]

Cell phone use and behavioural problems in young children: this study showed “the highest OR for behavioral problems were for children who had both prenatal and postnatal exposure to cell phones compared with children not exposed during either time period.”[ Divan HA, Kheifets L, Obel C, Olsen J. Cell phone use and behavioural problems in young children. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012 Jun;66(6):524-9. doi: 10.1136/jech.2010.115402. Epub 2010 Dec 7. PMID: 21138897.]

A Prospective Study of In-utero Exposure to Magnetic Fields and the Risk of Childhood Obesity: this study found “maternal exposure to high MF during pregnancy may be a new and previously unknown factor contributing to the world-wide epidemic of childhood obesity/overweight.”[ Li, DK., Ferber, J., Odouli, R. et al. A Prospective Study of In-utero Exposure to Magnetic Fields and the Risk of Childhood Obesity. Sci Rep 2, 540 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00540]